Doughnut Economics: Seven Ways to Think Like a 21st-Century Economist

Doughnut Economics: Seven Ways to Think Like a 21st-Century Economist

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  • Create Date:2021-06-03 07:53:51
  • Update Date:2025-09-06
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  • Author:Kate Raworth
  • ISBN:1847941397
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Summary

Economics is broken, and the planet is paying the price。

Unforeseen financial crises。 Extreme wealth inequality。 Relentless pressure on the environment。 Can we go on like this? Is there an alternative?

In Doughnut Economics, Oxford academic Kate Raworth lays out the seven deadly mistakes of economics and offers a radical re-envisioning of the system that has brought us to the point of ruin。 Moving beyond the myths of ‘rational economic man’ and unlimited growth, Doughnut Economics zeroes in on the sweet spot: a system that meets all our needs without exhausting the planet。

The demands of the 21st century require a new shape of economics。 This might just be it。

*The Sunday Times Bestseller*
*A Financial Times and Forbes Book of the Year*
*Winner of the Transmission Prize 2018*
*Longlisted for the FT/McKinsey Business Book of the Year Award 2017*


‘The John Maynard Keynes of the 21st century。’ George Monbiot, Guardian

‘This is sharp, significant scholarship 。 。 。 Thrilling。’ Times Higher Education

‘Raworth’s magnum opus 。 。 。 A fascinating reminder to business leaders and economists alike to stand back at a distance to examine our modern economics。’ Books of the Year, Forbes

‘There are some really important economic and political thinkers around at the moment – such as Kate Raworth’s Doughnut Economics。’ Andrew Marr, Guardian

‘An admirable attempt to broaden the horizons of economic thinking。’ Martin Wolf, Books of the Year, Financial Times

‘A compelling and timely intervention。’ Caroline Lucas MP, Books of the Year, The Ecologist

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Reviews

Dan Ray

This book is a game-changer in economics。Anyone can look around and see that we (the global we) can’t keep on going as we’re going。Raworth makes the link between pollution and the economy explicit, linking both back to the bad metric of GDP。 I harbour doubts about a lot of what she says regarding growth agnosticism, but so does she and she spells them out。 But a problem can’t be tackled until it’s acknowledged and modern political economics blithely pretends there isn’t anything wrong at all。 Ju This book is a game-changer in economics。Anyone can look around and see that we (the global we) can’t keep on going as we’re going。Raworth makes the link between pollution and the economy explicit, linking both back to the bad metric of GDP。 I harbour doubts about a lot of what she says regarding growth agnosticism, but so does she and she spells them out。 But a problem can’t be tackled until it’s acknowledged and modern political economics blithely pretends there isn’t anything wrong at all。 Just keep going as we’re going and it’ll sort out。Great read, highly recommended to anyone interested in the future。 。。。more

James Campbell

Great book, and Kate's models and ideas are only growing even more relevant and applicable Great book, and Kate's models and ideas are only growing even more relevant and applicable 。。。more

Richard Brooks

I really liked this book。Since studying politics and economics at University, I'm constantly on the hunt for fresh thinking about economics which transcends tribal faultlines of socialist on the left, and neoliberal on the right。 Essentially, I still believe in the same environmental and social causes I believed in back when I was a student, but I want an analysis and solutions that are rooted in how economics, science and people actually work, and aren't fuelled by the sort of conspiracy- hatre I really liked this book。Since studying politics and economics at University, I'm constantly on the hunt for fresh thinking about economics which transcends tribal faultlines of socialist on the left, and neoliberal on the right。 Essentially, I still believe in the same environmental and social causes I believed in back when I was a student, but I want an analysis and solutions that are rooted in how economics, science and people actually work, and aren't fuelled by the sort of conspiracy- hatred-of-the-other-team thinking both left-wing and right-wing perspectives on the economy can sometimes slide into。This is what I was looking for when I recently read Post-capitalism by Paul Mason。 Which is why i was so disappointed to the naked tribalism of a lot of that book, and how much energy it spent looking backwards trying to resurrect Marxist ideas BECAUSE that was Mason's team, rather than those concepts being still relevent and useful。 By the end of the book, Mason barely asserted any of them。Doughnut Economics, by contrast was exactly what i was after! Whereas my high expectations with Postcapitalism by Paul Mason were frustrated, with this book to be honest my expectations were low, but the book then hugely over-delivered。I thought the title "Doughnut Economics" sounded like something deliberately fluffy and lightweight, marketed for mass appeal amongst a lay non-economist audience。 My expectation was that i wouldn't learn much as it would mainly go over concepts i was already aware of, and only in a lightweight way。 I thought by the end of the book it would have been a lightly satisfying read as a summary of things i already knew, but pretty much no more。My expectations were wrong!Firstly, although Raworth writes in a very clear and accessible style, I definitely wouldn't call this book lightweight。 Raworth herself is a professional economist and Oxbridge academic, and has years of experience advising international organisations and NGOs。 Equally, her passion and enduring commitment to make her own profession more acutely focused and equipped on the most burning issues of 21st century public policy shine through; a Mickey-Mouse intro to economics this ain't。Secondly, Raworth is to be commended for combining rigour of exposition of traditional economics thinking with useful and insightful fresh perspectives。 In other words, she takes the time to explain the standard theories clearly before she critiques them。 And when she critiques them she does so in a balanced manner - for example in her penultimate chapter showcasing opposing schools of thought on economic growth。Some of her fresh ideas are deceptively simple。 Her main idea is to frame economics in terms of the goals you are trying to achieve, and then assess whether economic growth actually delivers that。 The doughnut bit is to point out that too much growth can lead to unsustainable environmental harm but too little growth can create social deprivation - so you're looking for the sweet spot in the middle - ie the doughnut。I also found her focus of 4 different types of provision (of products and services) highly useful as a way of going beyond traditional debate that hinges on market vs public sector-based production。 The addition of the spheres of the Commons and the household in the embedded economy give you a much fuller picture。And this is precisely why i like this book so much - because it pins down the problem with traditional economic thinking: it has too partial a view of the world and the rigid assumptions it makes and the parts of the world it struggles to see are precisely why traditional economic concepts are well overdue an overhaul, as Raworth maintains。Regardless of whether you've studied economics, if you're looking for a well-written, accessible, lively overview of how mainstream economic thinking struggles with 21st century challenges and some suggestions on how this thinking might be made more fit for the journey ahead, then this is the book for you。 。。。more

Laura Walin

Raworth shakes the grounds of traditional economics by showing item by item how the assumptions of this discipline, on its way to mimic natural sciences in exactness, reduced the models in such a way that they don't bear any resemblance to what human being is as a species nor do they take our limited resources on this one planet into account。For a laywoman the critique seem legitimate and is clearly written and justified。 Finding solutions to turn the tables, on the other hand, seems to be only Raworth shakes the grounds of traditional economics by showing item by item how the assumptions of this discipline, on its way to mimic natural sciences in exactness, reduced the models in such a way that they don't bear any resemblance to what human being is as a species nor do they take our limited resources on this one planet into account。For a laywoman the critique seem legitimate and is clearly written and justified。 Finding solutions to turn the tables, on the other hand, seems to be only starting。 It is relatively easy to state that yes, we need to find an economic framework that is regenerative and inclusive, but far more difficult to devise such a system let alone to make it happen。Raworth is honest to herself and to the reader and admits that this book is only the very beginning。 As a lucid and convincing piece of text, Doughnut Economics has the potential to nudge our economic thinking into novel paths。 Not surprisingly, the most traditional and esteemed universities resist the most, says Raworth。 。。。more

Andra Antone

The book itself has a simple idea around regenerative economics, which today might seem obvious。 The representation of the doughnut doesn't make that much sense when talking about ceiling economics and floor economics, and presents it in a way that dismisses an awful lot of quality work already done on the topic。 Not as ambitious and radical as I was hoping but all in all, a must read and re-read, it is one of the basics idea that needs to be engraned in the back of everyone's mind。 The book itself has a simple idea around regenerative economics, which today might seem obvious。 The representation of the doughnut doesn't make that much sense when talking about ceiling economics and floor economics, and presents it in a way that dismisses an awful lot of quality work already done on the topic。 Not as ambitious and radical as I was hoping but all in all, a must read and re-read, it is one of the basics idea that needs to be engraned in the back of everyone's mind。 。。。more

Tunde

Essential reading for all

Alexandra

I enjoyed this book but I think I need another read to thoroughly rate it。 I feel like I love it but I have to digest first。"Simply rebutting the dominant frame will ironically serve to reinforce it。 And without an alternative to offer there is little chance of entering let alone winning the battle of ideas。""Earth which is life-giving so respect its boundaries。Society which is foundational so nurture its connections。The Economy which is diverse so support all of its systems。The household which I enjoyed this book but I think I need another read to thoroughly rate it。 I feel like I love it but I have to digest first。"Simply rebutting the dominant frame will ironically serve to reinforce it。 And without an alternative to offer there is little chance of entering let alone winning the battle of ideas。""Earth which is life-giving so respect its boundaries。Society which is foundational so nurture its connections。The Economy which is diverse so support all of its systems。The household which is core so value its contribution。The market which is powerful so embed it wisely。The commons which are creative so unleash their potential。The state which is essential so make it accountable。Finance which is in service so make it serve society。Business which is innovative so give it purpose。Trade which is double-edged so make it fair。Power which is pervasive so check its abuse。""When Adam Smith, extolling the power of the market noted that "It is not from the benevolence butcher, the baker, or the brew that we expect our dinner" he forgot to mention the benevolence of his mother, Margaret Douglass, who had raised her boy alone from birth。 Smith who never married so no wife to rely upon nor children of his own to raise。 At the age of 43 as he began to write his opus, The Wealth of Nations, he moved back in with his cherished old mom from whom he could expect his dinner every day。 Bu her role in it all never got a mention in his economic theory and subsequently remained invisible for centuries。 As a result mainstream economic theory is obsessed with the productivity of waged labor while skipping right over the unpaid work that makes it all possible as feminist economists have made clear for decades。""Push equilibrium thinking to one side and start to think in systems instead。 Imagine pulling the iconic supply and demand curves out of their ridged crisscross and twisting them into a pair of feedback loops。 At the same time drop the economists beloved notion of externalities, those incidental effects felt by people who are not involved in the transactions that produce them。""Kuznets' first intuition had in fact been right。 When wealth is concentrated in few hands and when the return to capital are growing faster than the economy itself inequality indeed does tend to rise。 Success to the successful rules after all unless governments take action to offset it。 The Kuznets Curve may have been debunked along with the claim that inequality is necessary for progress。 But like all powerful pictures its memory lingers on lending credence to the myth of trickle down economics。 In 2014 even economists at the IMF noted with frustration that despite evidence to the contrary the notion of trade off between redistribution and growth seems deeply embedded in policy member's consciousness。""Economists at the IMF have strong evidence that across a range of countries inequality undercuts GDP growth。 'More unequal societies have slower and more fragile economic growth。。。。it would thus be a mistake to imagine that we can focus on growth and let inequality take care of itself。'" (Jonathan Ostry, lead economist in study)"Across a wide range of countries and particularly in low income ones they found that environmental quality is higher where income is more equitably distributed, where more people are literate, and where civil and political rights are more respected。 It's people power not economic growth per-say that protects local air and water quality。""We have an economy that needs to grow, whether or not it makes us thrive。 What we need is an economy that makes us thrive whether or not it grows。""In essence the search fro gain would be the search to maintain value。 And one of the best ways to preserve the long term value of stored wealth would be to invest it long term regenerative activity such as a reforestation scheme。 Banks would consider lending to enterprises promising a near zero return on investment if it were preferable to the cost of holding money。 That would bode well for regenerative and distributive enterprises distributing social and natural wealth along with a modest financial return and it would, crucially, help to release the economy from the expectation of endless financial accumulation and hence the financial addiction to growth。""The widely recommended shift from taxing labor to taxing resource use would simultaneously draw human ingenuity away from making more stuff with fewer people toward repairing and remaking more things with less stuff while employing more people, too。" 。。。more

Martijn

Vijf sterren voor de boodschap, eentje eraf voor de donut, die aan één stuk door benoemd wordt, maar maar weinig toevoegt aan het verhaal。

Chloe

"Today we have economies that need to grow, whether or not they make us thrive; what we need are economies that make us thrive, whether or not they grow。" Doughnut Economics was such a fantastic read。 By forcing the reader to think about our existing systems, how they were built and by whom, this book offers a paradigm shift。 The reader points to common economic models, mechanical and mathematical in nature, from Marshall's supply and demand curve to Samuelson's circular flow diagram, that have g "Today we have economies that need to grow, whether or not they make us thrive; what we need are economies that make us thrive, whether or not they grow。" Doughnut Economics was such a fantastic read。 By forcing the reader to think about our existing systems, how they were built and by whom, this book offers a paradigm shift。 The reader points to common economic models, mechanical and mathematical in nature, from Marshall's supply and demand curve to Samuelson's circular flow diagram, that have given the subject of economics the authority of a pure science。 Instead, Raworth invites us to reflect on the complexity of the subject and the various non-mechanical variables at play (human behavior, the climate crisis, invisible economic activities, net neutral or negative effect on indirect economic activities, etc。)。 The complexity drives the creation of new models, including the doughnut chart where the safe and just space for humans falls between social foundations and an ecological ceiling。I can't recommend this book enough。 This book definitely challenged my assumptions, comfort with the lethargic and mechanical (!) way of doing things, and awakened my curiosity to keep asking, "does it really have to be that way?" 。。。more

Candia L

Everyone needs to read this book。 And seriously。

Abhijeet Singh

The author makes a sound argument that modern 21st century economists need to equip themselves with new thinking in order to design policies for this 21st century world。 The ideas of old, be it GDP focused thinking, economic growth at all costs, faith in the environmental kuznets curve need to be relooked at。 Anyone studying economics needs to understand the context behind a particular model/school of thought and not blindly internalize it。The doughnut is simply put a model that gives us a fair The author makes a sound argument that modern 21st century economists need to equip themselves with new thinking in order to design policies for this 21st century world。 The ideas of old, be it GDP focused thinking, economic growth at all costs, faith in the environmental kuznets curve need to be relooked at。 Anyone studying economics needs to understand the context behind a particular model/school of thought and not blindly internalize it。The doughnut is simply put a model that gives us a fair idea of the optimal resources one should use to thrive。 Together with the knowledge and functioning of the commons, the household economy and the market, we can hit that sweet spot where we can thrive but not necessarily grow。This wasn't a very simple read, and I did take a lot of time going through this, but there were a lot of appealing ideas in this, and a lot of facts/titbits that proved to be eye-opening。PS: The idea of a demurrage currency will stay with me。 The idea being that the currency loses value if not spent。 (Something akin to a negative interest rate)Not only would such a currency boost spending and contribute to increased aggregate demand, this would also mean that the rich don't keep getting richer。 。。。more

Tim OBrien

Kate Raworth's concept of donut economics is a powerful tool for figuring out a way forward for humanity。 The inside of the donut represents basic needs like food, shelter, and healthcare。 The economy has to be big enough to fulfil those needs for all。 But the outside of the donut represents the damage that the economy can do- air pollution, climate change, biodiversity loss, etc。 The donut is the sweet spot where needs are met without destroying the planet。 As Raworth says repeatedly in the boo Kate Raworth's concept of donut economics is a powerful tool for figuring out a way forward for humanity。 The inside of the donut represents basic needs like food, shelter, and healthcare。 The economy has to be big enough to fulfil those needs for all。 But the outside of the donut represents the damage that the economy can do- air pollution, climate change, biodiversity loss, etc。 The donut is the sweet spot where needs are met without destroying the planet。 As Raworth says repeatedly in the book, graphics can illustrate some concepts much better than words。 To see the donut visit https://www。kateraworth。com/doughnut/。So everyone should know about the donut。 But this book may not be best way to do it。 Raworth is obviously very knowledgeable about economics, theory and history。 She writes beautifully and narrated the audiobook very well。 So why the three star review? Too much economic history。 I understand her purpose in including the history to illustrate how economists went astray in their purpose of growth and other mistakes (in Raworth's view) in the 20th century。 And how some economists had a different approach but were ignored by the academic and political powers。 All that would be very interesting and useful for economic students and practicing economists。 But for a general reader, like me, it was kind of a waste。 So it might be better to search for a short article, with illustrations, or Raworth's TED talk to understand donut economic well enough for it to inform your decisions about economics and politics。If you do want to read the book, read it, don't listen to the audiobook。 In her narration Raworth keeps referring to downloadable illustrations。 Maybe if you buy the audio book they give you a web address where you can get all the illustrations, but I borrowed the audiobook from the library and had no idea where to find the illustrations。 。。。more

Joe Lee

1。 Can't measure economy alone by GDP - some other way to measure which considers all the elements in the doughnut2。 Treat society as citizen and not consumers3。 By putting a price on things may erode social norms - activate the right values and don't be too quick to create a market for it4。 Economy must be distributive and regenerative by design5。 Economic growth won't clean up inequality 6。 Knowledge of commons7。 Open source 1。 Can't measure economy alone by GDP - some other way to measure which considers all the elements in the doughnut2。 Treat society as citizen and not consumers3。 By putting a price on things may erode social norms - activate the right values and don't be too quick to create a market for it4。 Economy must be distributive and regenerative by design5。 Economic growth won't clean up inequality 6。 Knowledge of commons7。 Open source 。。。more

Michael

As someone with an undergraduate degree in economics this book blew my mind

Diane Law

Thought provoking and very well written and researched。 Even non-economists like me can understand and learn。

Tim James

I’ve read a number of economics books and this is the best by far。 The author takes a very simple image which is extremely powerful and memorable to set out the themes。 I won’t forget this book。 The themes are too important in order for us all to live a fair and sustainable life on this planet。 It’s actually interesting reading this during the pandemic and when ideas and consensus around climate change are very much to the fore。 I’m certainly seeing some signs of optimism particularly around her I’ve read a number of economics books and this is the best by far。 The author takes a very simple image which is extremely powerful and memorable to set out the themes。 I won’t forget this book。 The themes are too important in order for us all to live a fair and sustainable life on this planet。 It’s actually interesting reading this during the pandemic and when ideas and consensus around climate change are very much to the fore。 I’m certainly seeing some signs of optimism particularly around her chapter on regenerative economics。 The thoughts and attitudes of the younger generation are certainly encouraging。 I remember when I studied economics donkeys years ago really not getting or agreeing with ‘rational economic man’ which seemed to underpin everything。 Very glad that the author has debunked this nonsense。 I’m now very interested in reading/listening to anything else Kate has put out there!。 This book is a must read!! 。。。more

Barry Wynn

Economics is not usually my wheelhouse。 But I found a lot of promising ideas in this book。 And I enjoyed the perspective provided by the extensive history。

Ger

Raworth critica a los economistas “mainstream” contemporáneos que no supieron ver la última crisis financiera a la vez que pide por una nueva forma de entender la economía que asegure el bienestar de la sociedad pero a la vez no destruya el ambiente en el que vivimos。Una buena lectura para iniciarse en la economía ecológica。

Ser Chappers

I agree that the way economics and business is taught and practised needs to be broadened。 Raworth’s books goes some way to provide an alternative。 The Doughnut is a powerful visualisation and method to rethink economics and the relationship of governments and businesses with the world, and it should absolutely be included in the economic conversation。 I struggled a bit with the book itself。 It’s verbose and could have been covered in a much shorter read。 It also strikes me as preaching to the c I agree that the way economics and business is taught and practised needs to be broadened。 Raworth’s books goes some way to provide an alternative。 The Doughnut is a powerful visualisation and method to rethink economics and the relationship of governments and businesses with the world, and it should absolutely be included in the economic conversation。 I struggled a bit with the book itself。 It’s verbose and could have been covered in a much shorter read。 It also strikes me as preaching to the converted - it has been written for people who are already open to rethinking their worldview。 In addition, it is clear that Raworth is coming from particularly political mindset (her use of the famously truncated Thatcher “society” quote, cutting out the rest of it about family and neighbours - exactly who this book says economists’ interests should pivot towards - was stark evidence of that), and the reader is left wondering how much her biases have limited her。Overall, I enjoyed the book, but I’m not convinced it’s crisp enough to convince those who are not open to these ideas already。 。。。more

Jane

Sehr empfehlenswert! Raworth erläutert anhand zahlreicher Studien und Beispiele warum wir eine neue Wirtschaft brauchen und wie wir das schaffen können。 Es wird Zeit sich vom verstaubten, dreckigen BIP zu veranschieden und Raworth zeigt, wie dies funktionieren kann。 Mit dem Donut zum Kite-Surfen ;-)

Yvonne Leutwyler

Inspiring but ultimately utopian。 I wish we could。

Wade Sisler

Terrific book。 I’ve encountered many of the ideas in Kate Raworth’s book in the economic news stories I read, but never pieced together the logic on *why* the current mis-measurements of our economy matter。 What did I like about it? Kate’s logic, her incredible use of language and analogies, her patience, and her optimism。 It’s been a long while since I spent any time in economics, but the book dug up theories and principals I was generally familiar with, reminded us of how we got there, and the Terrific book。 I’ve encountered many of the ideas in Kate Raworth’s book in the economic news stories I read, but never pieced together the logic on *why* the current mis-measurements of our economy matter。 What did I like about it? Kate’s logic, her incredible use of language and analogies, her patience, and her optimism。 It’s been a long while since I spent any time in economics, but the book dug up theories and principals I was generally familiar with, reminded us of how we got there, and then turned them around so you could see why there might be a better way to visualize them。 A lot of this could be useful whether or not we fully could convince people to completely jump to the donut。 I listened to the audiobook and was able to download a PDF with the illustrations in there, but after a few visits to the main donut principal, I didn’t miss them。 And Kate does a great job of reading。 Appreciate the author’s voice for this book。 I can’t wait to get in the car this weekend with my economist friend and see how much I can remember when they grill me about how in the world will people magically stop comparing themselves to others and stop caring about how much each of them make。 。。。more

Jay Storey

One of the few books about our modern world I have read that actually gives me something approaching hope。 The book basically points out that the framework for modern economics theory is deeply flawed, and is on a path to destroying our world。 To me, this seems obvious, and I find it almost unbelievable that so few people recognize this fact。The hopeful part is that the book actually proposes something concrete to replace it – ‘doughnut’ economics, where all human activity is constrained by the One of the few books about our modern world I have read that actually gives me something approaching hope。 The book basically points out that the framework for modern economics theory is deeply flawed, and is on a path to destroying our world。 To me, this seems obvious, and I find it almost unbelievable that so few people recognize this fact。The hopeful part is that the book actually proposes something concrete to replace it – ‘doughnut’ economics, where all human activity is constrained by the well being of all people at one end, and by its impact on the environment on the other。The book makes some claims about so-called ‘renewable’ resources that I don’t necessarily agree with, but I believe its general approach is going in the right direction。 The only question is, will this new economics ever be adopted, and if so, will it happen quickly enough to save the planet? 。。。more

Jimmy A

Interesting, but feels a little light on details in relation to the resolutions to the big problems。 Nevertheless has some good information to get you thinking about the possibilities, looking to mid century and beyond。

Ditte

Read it, slowly, and take in how economics has been misused and misunderstood for way too long。 And find hope and solutions that will change how you look and the world。 Form a study group and read and discuss each chapter, and hopefully together you’ll find ways to put your new knowledge into action and co create a world for tomorrow。 It’s a fairly easy read, even for non economists like myself。 I loved how Raworth used the image of a play to recast our view of how things work and should be work Read it, slowly, and take in how economics has been misused and misunderstood for way too long。 And find hope and solutions that will change how you look and the world。 Form a study group and read and discuss each chapter, and hopefully together you’ll find ways to put your new knowledge into action and co create a world for tomorrow。 It’s a fairly easy read, even for non economists like myself。 I loved how Raworth used the image of a play to recast our view of how things work and should be working in the future。 。。。more

Linda Joan Booth

Seminal stuffEssential reading for everyone who cares where the population of the planet is heading。 Essential reading everyone all policy makers everywhere。

Jamison Moore

More of a manifesto with some anecdotes than a workable plan, but not bad。 If you're new to sustainable growth or the hilarity of neoliberalism, this is a nice intro。 More of a manifesto with some anecdotes than a workable plan, but not bad。 If you're new to sustainable growth or the hilarity of neoliberalism, this is a nice intro。 。。。more

Luis Dinis

A new way of think economy focused on people and the planet。 Old economy is dead。 Think different。 Mandatory to read with open mind。

Sigrid Eghøj

Just read it

Alejandro Jaramillo

This was a well written combination of economic history, theory, and argumentation。 Raworth's thesis (theses?) regarding restructuring seven key economic assumptions were helpfully embedded in a larger context of the history that lead to these seven assumptions。 Particular attention was paid to how circumstantial factors (political, personal, etc。) helped nudge some ideas out in the front of the others in an intellectual winner-take-all scenario that has made certain images and ideas fundamental This was a well written combination of economic history, theory, and argumentation。 Raworth's thesis (theses?) regarding restructuring seven key economic assumptions were helpfully embedded in a larger context of the history that lead to these seven assumptions。 Particular attention was paid to how circumstantial factors (political, personal, etc。) helped nudge some ideas out in the front of the others in an intellectual winner-take-all scenario that has made certain images and ideas fundamental to how we think about the economy。 I particularly appreciated the heavily visual nature of Raworth's argument (or at least it's key anchor points - "replace this concept/image with this")。Throughout the book, Raworth consistently questions why we use economics, and not just how。 Although there are fewer examples of rigorous data supporting 'why' we should use economics and to what ends, I appreciated the constant questioning of even that premise, which has downstream effects in terms of the methods we use to enact our intended aims。 。。。more